Anarchist Bakunin Biography

Firstly, Bakunin was a deep thinker gifted by the philosopher, not very systematically, but quite definitely laid the foundations of the philosophy of anarchism as a whole worldview, and not just a program of action or sociological teaching. Secondly, Bakunin was the largest practitioner of the revolutionary anarchist movement: if before the beginning of his anarchist activity in Europe there were only moderately reformist pondnic groups and several little-known anarchist groups and thinkers who are more revolutionary than the Proudhon Joseph Dezhak and Ernst Kerderois in France, Carlo Pisakan-in Italy, then Bakunin, then Bakunin, then Bakunin, then Bakunin, then Bakunin, then Bakunin.

According to Max Nettlau, “he began to fill anarchism with a definitely socialist spirit and revolutionary will and tried to organize active forces, turning to socio-revolutionary instincts, which, in his opinion, was in his opinion ...” Having significantly processed and systematizing the ideas of P. Pondin, Bakunin initiated the emergence of a powerful revolutionary movement under anarchist slogans throughout Europe.

Thirdly, finally, in his personality, M. Bakunin, like no one before and after it, managed to express the main motive of anarchism - the pathos of the rebellion, the holy and uncompromising struggle for the liberation of the personality and society. Therefore, before we consider his views on the personality problem, we will say a few words about the personality of the great rebel. To this day, not only at the level of mass ordinary consciousness, but also in the essays of specialists, the image of Bakunin is shrouded in the veil of myths and stereotypes.

Slander and lies pursued Mikhail Alexandrovich during his lifetime. What was not accused of Bakunin! He was called an agent of the tsarist government, a “reactionary pan-Slavist”, a Russian barin-aomodur, a terry anti-Semite, a dutifully “repentant sinner”, a servile before the king, the organizer of a secret conspiracy in the International, a nonsense, a supporter of total destruction and immoralism!

These stamps replaced the real study of the practical and, especially theoretical activity of M. But, if Bakunin’s practical activity is represented by a wide reader in a vulgarized and oc noxure, then his philosophical thought is even more unknown and unexplored. Not only the majority of Marxist authors, but also thinkers of other directions, for example, are so different as N. Berdyaev or Albert Camus, are captured by these old stereotypes and templates.

So N. Berdyaev represents in his works M. Bakunin as “a huge child”, “Russian fantasier, incapable of methodological thinking”, a worldwide destroyer, an apologet of violence and the enemy of personal freedom. Albert Kamyu almost identifies Bakunin with Nechaev, representing the Russian anarchist as a preacher of political cynicism, pan -Slavism and dictatorship: “In the males of universal denial, he incinerated, among other things,” Kamya, like Berdyaev and many other authors, considers Bakunin as a forerunner of the Bolsheviks in terms of destruction, violence and cruelty: “Bakunin, to the same extent as his opponent Marx, contributed to the development of Leninist teachings,” Camus believes.

But it is enough to move away from the established stereotypes and throw Bakunin’s eyes, turn over to him, to listen to the characteristics that people who knew him who knew him to appreciate this great person, this “lion's nature” gave him. Belinsky in a letter to Botkin wrote about Bakunin: “This is ... a person in the whole sense of the word” Herzen about Bakunin: “Bakunin had many shortcomings.

But its shortcomings were small, and strong qualities were large. Is this not a great thing that, thrown any or three or three features of the environment, he separated the revolutionary stream and immediately began to lead it further, to fan, making it a passionate issue of life? Bakunin characterized himself in “confession”: “In my nature, there was always a radical drawback: it is a love of fantastic, for unusual, unheard of adventures, for enterprises that opened the horizon of limitless and which no one can foresee the end.

It became stuffy and sickening in an ordinary calm circle. People usually seek peace and look at him as the highest good; It brought me despair; My soul was in vigorous excitement, demanding action, movement and life ”The main mental quality of“ Michelle ”was called by a teenager with his family and an old man in the circle of Swiss workers, according to his admission,“ love for freedom and inevitable hatred for all oppression, even more when it fell on me ...

I considered it a sacred duty to rebel against any oppression, Wherever it comes, and whoever falls on. There have always been a lot of donkeys in me: not only political, but also in private life ”Bakunin’s life is similar to a legend. Among his friends in Russia and abroad: N. Stankevich, I. Turgenev, A. Herzen, V. Belinsky, P. Chaadaev, G. Gerweg, R. Wagner, J.

Zand, A. Mitskevich, P. Pondin, A. Ruga, V. his opponents: P. Lavrov, J. Mazhini, K.This Bakunin inspired Richard Wagner to create an image of a frantic Siegfried in his symphonies; This Bakunin was the prototype of Rudin at Turgenev and Stavrogin by Dostoevsky. In his youth - a fascination with philosophy, discussions in Moscow salons or in his own house in the village of Pryamukhino, then - the transition to practical life, to revolutionary activity - participation in the revolution of G.

He helped the Poles, spoke in Sweden, directed the anarchist J. Fanelli to Spain to organize the International, raised his associates to uprising in Lyon, and ordered a successful The polemic against Majini in Italy, where he was the creator of a powerful anarchist movement and the initiator of the uprising in Bologna, organized the Jurassic Anarchist Federation of the International in Switzerland, fought in Paris, Prague, Dresden, conducted revolutionary work with the Bulgarians and Serbs, Finns and Czechs, and repeatedly participated in the Russian revolutionary movement: he worked with “Earth and will”, participated in misfortune for himself in Nechaev’s propaganda, was the inspirer of the Bakunist circles in the south of Russia.

One transfer of organizations created by him, written programs and charters would take many pages. At the end of the life, fulfilled by the difficult material deprivations, slander and luggage from enemies, after the persecution organized against it by the General Council of the International, after the defeat of a number of uprisings, the Parisian commune and the victory of Bismarck in the Franco-Prussian war, this victory, as Bakunin prophetically foresaw, along with the opposition of part The triumph of reaction, bureaucracy and militarism in Europe - M.

Bakunin was not morally broken, although he moved away from practical revolutionary work, and pessimistic moods in his worldview intensified. Bakunin was not "an infallible knight without fear and reproach." In his stormy and truly fantastic activity, he made many mistakes that could be guilt. Most of them are associated with his ability to excessively get involved in the very open prospects, sometimes idealizing these prospects and, in the words of Herzen, "confusing the second month of pregnancy with the ninth." Bakunin often took what he wanted to do, exaggerated the degree of readiness of the masses for the revolution, sometimes experiencing excessive illusions-either in relation to the "revolutionary bureaucrat" of Count Muravyov-Amursky, then the "king-liberator" Alexander II, then the young generation of Russian nihilists, was inclined to exaggerate himself and other forces of "land and will", as well as the forces The “committee”, as if standing behind S.

Nechaev, idealized the “robbery element” in Russian life, allowed illegible acts-bluffs and hoaxes, too much fond of the conspiratorial side of the revolutionary work, it was not by chance that he was a Mason and never managed to create free from the contradictions and errors of the doctrine of the revolutionary organization. Bakunin also, of course, bears his share of moral responsibility for S.

Nechaev [95] and for individual nationalist anti -German and anti -Jewish attacks in his works. All this does not adorn Mikhail Alexandrovich at all and dissonates with his appearance of a selfless revolutionary, internationalist, rebel, fighter for human freedom and dignity. But - only one who does nothing is not mistaken, and Bakunin managed to do a lot in his life.

Life, struggle, revolution were its genuine element. Even in a letter to George Gerweg in August, Bakunin wrote: “The revolution is more likely instinct, and as instinct it gives its first battles. That is why philosophers and politicians who have ready -made systems in the pocket and trying to steel this immense ocean to certain forms and boundaries - that is why they also turn out to be equally stupid and powerless.

There is not a drop of this instinct in them, and they are afraid to swim in the waves of this ocean ”Bakunin himself, as no one knew how to swim in this ocean of the revolution. According to Alexei Borovoy: “In this work - stimulating revolutionary energy, animation - Bakunin did not know equal. Its revolutionarism is inexhaustible, fantastic and deeply real, because the revolution itself is fantastic and real ”and P.

Kropotkin, who communicated with the Swiss workers-anarchists who knew Bakunin, especially notes:“ I was most amazed that the moral influence of Bakunin was even stronger than the influence of it as mental authority ”and this influence was achieved and this influence was achieved and this influence was achieved and this influence was achieved “Michelm” without any authoritarianism, for he was deeply liberty and permeated by the spirit of respect for the human person, is simple and modest to asceticism and is completely devoid of those “general” ambitions and vanity, which, alas, are characteristic of many public figures.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin-Legendary Man: Theoretician, Practitioner, publicist, organizer, speaker, stands, military leader, hero, prophet and martyr-all in one person!Being the greatest connoisseur of Hegel's philosophy, Bakunin preferred life and struggle with philosophical abstractions, managed to realize what he preached in words; And, if we, speaking of Godwin and Stirner, noted a gap between their life and teaching, then Bakunin had such a gap completely absent.

The personality of Bakunin was an alloy of enormous energy, will to life and struggle, prophetic, preaching, oratory and philosophical gifts, the ability to light people and lead them, personal charm, organizational talents, selflessness, sincerity and disinterestedness. The naivety, sometimes manifested by Bakunin, his rampant fantasies, was a continuation and consequence of the ability to inspire those around them with their holy faith and enthusiasm.

Neither eternal lack of money, nor constant disappointments, nor persecution of the authorities, a link and death sentences, nor slander of enemies - nothing could break this great rebel. This spiritual maximalism, the integrity of nature, an extremely developed imagination and a mighty thought were combined in Bakunin with a powerful intuition, a pronounced professional prophetic beginning, the ability to penetrate the essence of phenomena and foresee distant prospects and events.

The enormous thirst for absolute, the thirst for life and action logically led Bakunin to anarchism, that is, to the struggle for the complete freedom of the personality, absolutely trusting the life element, to the apology of the rebellion and creativity in real life, and not in philosophical abstractions. Bakunin tirelessly preached all his life: in his youth he preached the religion of mankind and love to his relatives, then preached the dialectics of Hegel - Belinsky, Weitling and Pondin, later preached the idea of ​​the revolutionary Slavic unity before the delegates of the Slavic Congress and the idea of ​​the revolutionary union of Russians and the Poles, and, finally, -, - finally, preached anarchism by the Swiss, Italian, French worker.

Calling, leading, convincing, polemicize, expose, prophesy, preaching - such was the calling of this amazing person, the greatest of all the former anarchists. The influence of Bakunin as a person, as a propagandist and as a thinker, was huge. The largest Soviet researcher of the work and life of Bakunin N. Pirumova testifies: “During the Civil War in Russia, in battles with fascism in Spain, and today in different countries of the world, the spark of this fire was called by“ unwilling bonfire ”by Bakunin A.

Blok, P., in addition to the Bakunist groups, was under the strong influence of Bakunin, from which he borrowed from which they borrowed Antietisms, federalism, libertarism and rebellious, morale. Following our topic, we are forced to leave aside the consideration of both the biography of the Russian anarchist and his early views, and directly turn to his views of the twentieths, when his anarchist worldview finally developed.

Typically, in studies, the emphasis is on the consideration of the social teachings of Bakunin and his practical program; We, having briefly characterized the originality of his philosophy, noting the most important and characteristic of it, dwell on the fact that it directly refers to the personality problem. Features of the philosophy of M. Bakunin N. Pirumova notes that “Bakunin’s philosophical views have not been attracted, and now the attention of researchers are not attracted”; In our opinion, this is due to the dominant stereotypical ideas about Bakunin, as a person only “deeds”, but not the words, both with the conjunctural considerations of Bakunin, has always been “inconvenient” for any government and with the specifics of his literary creativity.

Bakunin is the epistolary writer mainly, ”emphasized Yu. Steklov 26; T. The main part of Bakunin’s theoretical heritage is in his letters sometimes, which are huge treatises, and most of these letters, articles and other works of Mikhail Alexandrovich were not collected, not translated and not published in Russian. As for the non-epistolary works of Bakunin, the most important of them are: “Philosophical discussions about the divine ghost, about the real world and man”, “Kno-German empire and the social revolution”, “federalism, socialism and antitheologism”, “statehood and anarchy”, “God and the state”, “Letters on patriotism”, “Confession”, “Confession” Germany ”,“ Anarchy on Proudhon ”The last book was written in conjunction with James Gillom.

In general, according to the remark of V. Dorostarnakov, “on philosophical issues, Bakunin wrote relatively little and unsystematic” see. Most of Bakunin’s works remained unfinished, the same thoughts and themes are literally repeated in various works several times. Almost all works were written on specific practical reasons, and Mikhail Alexandrovich began one topic and quickly jumped to others, was fond of, wrote in a hurry, passionately, always polemicizing and preaching.Starting from the years, Bakunin had neither the time, nor desire, nor predisposition to purely “academic” scientific studies, especially did not care about the terminological harmony and logical impeccability.

The deepest philosophical thoughts are scattered through the pages of Bakunin books, brochures, articles and letters, but they do not so much form a “system” in the philosophical sense adopted by the adopted adoptive views of the anarchist in this world. Speaking about the features of the Bakunin style, Alexei Borova wrote: “His compositions are pamphlets, unrealistic systematization of accumulated leaves, and the lava, who must incinerate the enemy ...

But, not looking at the non -compliance of the requirements of the scientific methodology, on the lack of an external apparatus constituting the pride of Bakunin as a whole - monumentally, uniting, uniting. lyricism, hypnotizes passion for presentation ”48; 3. The excellent knowledge of philosophy, history and natural sciences, including the latest philosophical and scientific achievements, as well as the realities of socio-political and economic life, allowed Bakunin in his works to combine specific observations and detailed analysis with abstract generalizations, to consider the widest circle of problems: psychological, epistemological, historical, social, geopolitical, etc.

The brilliant gift of expositions and the gift of exposition and presentation of expositions and the presentation Prophetic intuition, developed analytical ability and extraordinary power and courage of thought were extremely inherent in the great anarchist. According to the fair remark S.