Types of dinosaurs biography

Is it possible to return the dinosaurs to the life of the science of dinosaurs the study of dinosaurs - part of the scientific discipline called “paleontology” [1].

Paleontologists analyze the fossil remains of plants and animals in order to better understand the evolution of life on Earth and the interaction of living organisms with each other. Science studies two subtypes of living creatures: vertebrates and invertebrates. The first species researchers study fossil animals that possessed a spine or a bone or cartilage of a cartoon that supports the body.

These include dinosaurs, fish, lizards, snakes, birds. The invertebrates, which are studied by paleontologists, include snails, trilobites, oysters, mollusks, squid. Who and when discovered dinosaurs, historians believe that people found dinosaur skeletons even in antiquity, 2-3 thousand ancient writers in China and ancient historians in Europe perceived them as the remains of huge dragons [2].

So from the real fossils one of the most popular fairy -tale images was born. In the year, the naturalist and chemist Robert Rass during excavations discovered a large femoral bone in England [3], which he attributed to a certain “giant”. After almost years, in the year, another British researcher, Oxford geologist William Bakland, studied the remains of teeth, jaws and other limbs of the same creature that he found a raft.

In the year, Bakland came to the conclusion [4] that they belonged to a large lizard, which he gave the name “megalosaurus”. This word came from two Greek terms - “mega” “big” and “Dvr” “Lizard”. The social economy scientists found a dinosaur, who died on the day of the fall of the asteroid, the discoverer of the dinosaur, William Bakland was distinguished by eccentricity.

At lectures, he loved to rush through the audience with the skull of hyena [5] in his hands and shout: “What rules the world? What rules the world? Buckland adhered to this position himself, adoring everything to taste. During his life, he managed to try the meat of a crocodile, kangaroos and panthers, as well as slugs, flies and worms. At one of the tricks he was demonstrated by a silver box with a small object resembling Pemza.

The scientist, as usual, threw him into his mouth and accidentally swallowed. In fact, it was a fragment of the heart [6] Louis XIV, the legendary ruler who led France for 72 years. So Bakland added a piece of the royal body to the list of his gastronomic achievements. How dinosaurs study today the word "dinosaur" invented not Buckland. This term was invented by the successor of his case, one of the first paleontologists Richard Owen [7].

Like the “megalosaurus”, the word “dinosaur” consists of two Greek parts: “Dino” “terrible” and “DVR” “Lizard”. The basis of modern paleontology is the same principle as years ago - the search and study of fossil remains. However, thanks to new technologies, this process has improved. One of the breakthroughs was the use of computed tomography [8]. With the help of x-rays, you can build a 3D model of both the internal and external part of any object.

Other methods [9] include data analysis, 3D printing and special scanning. When dinosaurs lived and how dinosaurs they looked - this is a group of animals that appeared between and million years ago and dominated the ground about a million years. During this time, they turned from creatures the size of a dog or a horse in the largest animals that have ever existed on land.

Scientists argue that some predatory dinosaurs decreased over time and turned into birds [10]. In this sense, only non -lethal dinosaurs died out. The most ancient fossils of dinosaurs, whose age is about a million years, is found in the north-west of Argentina. Unique dinosaur anatomy distinguishes them from other groups of animals. They belong to archosaurs - the treasure of a group of different animals with a common ancestor, which of the current species includes crocodiles and birds.

Archosaurs appeared about a million years ago. Over time, some archosaurs adapted to a vertical position - their legs were located not on the sides, but under the body. Stephen Brusatti in his book “The Rights of Dinosaurs: The New History of the Lost World” wrote [12]: “A stretched pose is good for cold -blooded animals that do not need to move very quickly.

However, if you put the limbs under the body, a new world of possibilities opens. ” The economy of education from the lobby of Dolly to the mammoths: who and why resurrects dead animals as the small dinosaurpherphs of the group, which include dinosaurs and their smaller and primitive ancestors, acquired long tails, enlarged leg muscles and additional femoral bones. All this allowed them to move quickly and effectively.

Some dinosavrorphs evolved into dinosaurs. The differences between them were small, but the anatomy of dinosaurs gave more advantages [13]: flexible limbs, cervical vertebrae, which could support stronger muscles, and the hip joint, writes [14] Brusatti. The vertical pose also freed its paws, which allowed herbivorous species to grab the branches, and predatory - to scratch and kill the prey.What types of dinosaurs are divided into about 1.5 thousand are now added.

About 50 previously unknown species are added annually. All of them belong to one of the three groups: poultry, starfodomorphs and theropods. Poultry dinosaurs include shocky herbivorous stegosaurs [15], plasticous dinosaurs, horned tricratopsa dinosaurs [16] and armored dinosaurs of ankylosaurs [17]. Some went on four legs, some on two. The Zavropodomorphs were long -haired pot -bellied dinosaurs with tiny heads and lines similar to columns.

This group includes captodrods [18], their smaller predecessors, for example, chromogizaurus [19] and super -circular Titanosaurians [20] are one of the largest land animals in history. Teropodes are a group of predatory dinosaurs, although some of them eventually became herbivores or omnivorous. These include tyrannosaurs [21] and cycling [22], as well as birds. The record holders among dinosaurs are the smallest dinosaur in history - flying.

It exists today. This is a hummingbird-pochela [23], which lives in several areas of Cuba. Its length is a little more than 5 cm, and weight is no more than 2 g. Of the extinct lands, one of the smallest was Ambopterix [24] from China 32 cm long and a weight of the largest titanosaurs in history was. It is difficult to determine their exact size, since paleontologists rarely find a whole skeleton.

Therefore, the Argentinosaurus claims the title of the largest dinosaur [25] weighed Patagotan [26] 69 tons. The longest dinosaur was the superzaurus [27], the length of which was at least 39 m, and could reach 42 m. The highest dinosaur was giraffatin [28] - a height of 12 m high, dwelling in the territory of modern Tanzania. When and why dinosaurs died out in the year, a hypothesis was put forward [29], which led to the extinction of dinosaurs a fall of the asteroid about 66 million years ago.

Now she dominates science. According to scientists, the asteroid landed in the area of ​​modern Mexico. Most of the amphibians most likely died for several hours or days after the collision due to a sharp increase in temperature. This could cause irreversible climate changes, increase the acid content in the atmosphere and change the composition of the oceans.

The collision caused mass destruction, shock wave, thermal impulse, forest fires, tsunami [30], volcanic eruptions, deadly acid rains [31] and earthquakes. Dust and dirt raised by an asteroid hung in the air. Betsy Kruk from the American Paleontological company Paleo Solutions tells [32]: “Rain of hot dust for several hours significantly raised the global temperature and cooked animals alive, which were too high [33] to look for shelter.

Small animals that hid underground or under water, in caves or in the trunks of large trees, perhaps they were able to survive this sharp thermal explosion. ” Dust and particles remained in the air, blocking the sun's rays for several years. This caused a nuclear winter that cooled the planet and led to the death of countless plants and animals. Industry 4. According to a few studies [34], about 70 million years ago, a variety of species decreased among dinosaurs, many died out.

However, these scientific works are based on incomplete data [35]. Stephen Brusatti claims [36] the opposite: “Even if the variety of dinosaurs decreased, many species could be revived if not for the asteroid. Dinosaurs lived on all continents, including Antarctica, and occupied different steps in various ecosystems. They experienced many ups and falls over a million years of evolutionary history.

If mass extinction did not occur, they would have flourished today. ” This is an entertaining plot, but it is completely fictional: amber is bad [37], and frogs are not relatives of dinosaurs. According to research [38], after the asteroid strike, the evolution of frogs accelerated. For many reasons, it is now impossible to return to the life of extinct dinosaurs. Although their proteins [39] and blood vessels [40] were found, the scientist has yet to be careful for DNA.

It begins to collapse after the death of the body, but under successful circumstances, part of it can be preserved. Nevertheless, the oldest DNA identified belongs to Mamont's age [41] for about 1 million years, and dinosaurs died out about 66 million years ago. Some scientists study the possibilities of reverse birds. One of the projects is the so -called “dinokunitsa” [42] with an elongated tail, teeth, limbs and paws.

However, it will not be a copy of the ancient lizard, but a dinosaur -like [43] bird. Updated