Biography of the animal deer

Published on November 25 in the tundra of the Northern Deer - the most important animal: he is a vehicle, an assistant, and a breadwinner. So that he could survive in the harsh climate of the Far North, nature endowed it with superpowers: the northern deer is crossing the ice rivers, finds food with a polar night and withstands the frost to minus 72 degrees!

So what are you, the northern deer! The northern deer, or Caribbean, is one of the largest representatives of the Olenev family. The average weight of an adult male, or choir, is kg. The mass of an adult female, or important, is kg. Wild northern deer are larger than domestic. In males and females of this species, horns grow, but it is not difficult to distinguish the choir from an important thing: in females, the horns grow up to half a meter in length, but the horns of males - up to centimeters!

At the same time, important are horns before the beginning of summer, and the males drop them in the fall and walk around all winter all winter. The northern deer carry Santa Claus on the sky. They are portrayed with horns, while only in the important horns to the Christmas of the horns. There is only one conclusion: Christmas deer - females! Scientists identify 14 varieties of the northern deer: some researchers consider them as subspecies, others as species.

Distinctive features are the dimensions, coloring, the shape of deer horns and behavior features. For example, northern deer populations can live or migrate annually. Some do not go beyond the forest zone - others spend most of the year in the tundra. The smallest northern deer in the world live on the Spitsbergen archipelago: an adult male weighs no more than 90 kg, and the mass of the female can be only 53 kg!

Northern deer is the owner of a two -layer skin. It consists of undercoat and long hollow hair. The skin saves the animal from the piercing wind and does not allow it to drown when crossing wide rivers and sea bays. The color depends on the habitat of the northern deer in the tundra zone is lighter than in the taiga or mountains or preferences of reindeer herders: one peoples like white or pagic deer, the other-coffee-brown.

The nose of the northern deer is a natural heat exchanger: it heats the inhaled air, preventing the animal from freezing in the winter of the deer noses are equipped with a natural heat exchanger, minimizing heat loss during breathing. Deer legs can create sounds when walking: tendons slide along the bones and make clicks on which deer can find each other in the dark or in a blizzard.

In winter, when you have to snout snow in search of food, deer hooves are hard and sharp, and in the summer they become spongy so as not to slide along wet moss and dirt. Five large herds of the northern deer are distinguished on the territory of Russia, of which the largest is Taimyr: in different years, there were from thousands to a million individuals.

Thanks to man, the northern deer reached the southern hemisphere: the Kerhelene archipelago, located kilometers from Antarctica, became a habitat of 3-5 thousand descendants of animals brought by whales from Europe in the year. When the fishing of whales in the Antarctic was reduced, the forgotten Kergelensky deer spread throughout the archipelago. They are still peacefully coexisting with penguins, wildly cats and rabbits.

Most of the deer lives in the northern regions, but there are herds that inhabit taiga and mountain forests. Taiga deer larger than tundra counterparts, but their horns are more compact - this helps not to get stuck in thick thickets. There are populations of the northern deer that change the habitat during the year. For example, the Caribbean of the northern part of the American Rocky Mountains spend summer in alpine forests, and winter in lowland peat.

Taimyr deer grazed in the tundra in the summer, and for the winter they go south to the zone of the Northern taiga. An employee of the Arctic oil field “communicates” with the northern deer at the local reindeer herders Northern deer - one of the most resilient travelers on the planet: over a year they overcome up to a thousand kilometers, moving between pastures.

They are sent by the search for food and comfort. In the spring, the tundra beckons deer with fresh green grass, and, moving from south to north, they can enjoy it for an extra three weeks. At the height of summer, deer leave from lowland pastures on a hill or to the seashore, where the wind blows clouds of blood -sucking insects. Northern deer nutrition, like all deer, northern deer feed mainly by plants.

In winter, their diet is scarce and consists of lichens, moss and twigs of shrubs. The nose feels edible plants under a centimeter layer of snow, which sharp hooves help excavate. A herd of northern deer grazes in the Summer Tundra a herd of northern deer grazes in the summer tundra northern deer migrate along the summer tundra northern deer migrate on the summer tundra in the summer of deer eat herbs and leaves, berries and mushrooms.

To make up for the deficiency of calcium and salts in the body, the wild northern deer warm up discarded horns, catch and eat lemmings, ruin bird nests, look for fish thrown ashore. They go to bed only after a dense dinner: during sleep, the food is digested - and then the animal goes to new gastronomic feats.The Nenets have an unspoken rule: no matter how many mushrooms in the tundra, they cannot be collected, because mushrooms are deer food!

Scientists see in this not only cultural, but also biological reasons: among the northern peoples, Tregalosis sugar is poorly absorbed, which are rich in mushrooms. In a short polar summer, the wild northern deer needs to have time to accumulate fat before the long winter. The task is to eat abundantly complicates that animals hold on herds, so competition for a delicious piece of grass is high.

During migrations, the northern deer gather in giant herds, numbering hundreds of thousands of individuals, but in the place of feeding often they diverge in small groups of up to a hundred animals - it is easier to find a sufficient amount of food. An important female deer graze along with the cubs of the breeding season of the northern deer in the middle of autumn. Females are lost in harem herds, and males fight each other for access to them.

The choirs make a characteristic sound “choir”, for which they got their name. Throughout the rut, the dominant male does not eat, surviving due to accumulated fat, and at the end of the season of the weakened leader, competitors can squeeze. Shortly before childbirth, important things gather in safe places where there are few predators, and in May-June they give offspring-1-2 calves.

An hour after the birth of a deer, they can run, in the second month of life they try green food, become independent by the fall, and 1-2 years after birth they leave their mother. The number of northern deer is the approximate number of northern deer in the world - several million individuals. The herds are constantly moving, over time, one herd can grow up or impose. The International Union of Nature Protection has appropriated this type of status of a vulnerable.

The extinction of the northern deer does not threaten: now the number of domesticated deer in the world is about 3 million. More than half of the deer is bred in Russia. However, this does not mean that the wild northern deer does not need to be protected: they are carriers of most of the genetic diversity of the species and an important element of natural ecosystems. To preserve the northern deer in all their natural diversity, reserves and national parks create, limit hunting and enhance control over predators, and the needs of animals take into account the development of natural oil and gas fields.

For example, laying pipelines across the deer migration routes, they create special transitions: pipes are lifted high above the surface of the earth to let the animals pass calmly. The herd of deer passes under the pipeline of the Arctic field through deer transition, the development of new deposits helps to protect deer - the protection of industrial facilities scares poachers.

The northern deer is the soul of the Arctic at the Khanty deer - a defender of people who returned the sun to the sky, when the monster stole the luminary and hid him reliably, plunging the earth on eternal night. In the idea of ​​the Nenets, the deer is the most revered animal: in every Nenets herd there are sacred deer dedicated to the gods, spirits and sacred places. A herd of deer next to the plague - the traditional dwelling of the indigenous peoples of the North, even in the era of helicopters and snowmobiles, a deer team is the most common vehicle in the tundra.

The northern deer is the real cultural heritage of the Arctic, an important element of the identity of many peoples and the economy of the Far North. This animal provides reindeer herders with meat and skins, used as transport. He can survive without the help of a person in the most severe conditions, but a person without a deer in the Arctic has nothing to do. Yuri Lapsuy Chief Specialist of the East Messosoi field for interaction with the indigenous population is not in vain of the deer, they say: "Our people will live until there are deer, and there will be no deer-there will be no our people."