Tutankhamun Biography is detailed

Carter was sure that in the dug valley of the kings there was one unenchanced tomb about the article on the place of work, BBC, London on February 16 on February 16, the English archaeologist Howard Carter became the first person in the years in the funeral camera of the pharaoh Tutankhamun in the Kings Valley. During his short life, but he died, not having lived to Tyutankhamun, he did not do anything remarkable, however, by irony, he was destined to become the most famous ruler of Ancient Egypt - just thanks to his tomb.

At the same time, Carter himself, who made one of the greatest archaeological discoveries in the history of mankind, practically had no formal education and was actually self -taught. Random Egyptologist Author photo, Bettmann signature for the photo, Howard Carter was not an archaeologist, but his work on the documentation and description of artifacts from the tomb of Tutankhamun became a model for the next generation scientists.

Egyptologists use his materials to this day, Howard was the youngest child in the family of a not too successful artist who earned that he painted dogs and horses for their wealthy owners. Carter Jr. himself painted well, so the first time he went to Egypt at the age of 17 years old as an artist. The Egyptologist Persian Newberry took him on the expedition to sketch Egyptian frescoes and found works of art.

Carter drawings stored in the library of the University of Oxford to this day are striking in care and attention to the details. The same qualities distinguished the work of Carter even after he began to engage in excavations on his own. Most of all, he was attracted by the Valley of the Kings - a secluded stone gorge scorched by the sun, hidden from curious eyes behind a small ridge of limestone rocks lying on the other side of the Nile from Luxor located nearby.

Western archaeologists excavated in the valley since the beginning of the 19th century. Now, of course, it has been “cleaned” for tourists, but it still remains a scorched and fruitless place, however, the majority of the tombs they found were plundered in antiquity - the builders of the tombs themselves or the priests participating in the burials. Kara for insulting the last place of reassurance of the pharaoh were serious, not to mention the prospect of losing the right to the afterlife, but the wealth lying there was too much temptation.

And although only the miserable crumbs of this historical cake fell to the Western archaeologists, even they excited the imagination and, inspired by the hope of glory and wealth, treasure seekers flew there like flies on honey. One of the most successful diggers of an archaeologist cannot be called, since his work was not related to science by an American lawyer in retirement Theodore Davis.

Unfortunately for serious archaeologists, he had a lot of money, but there was no patience. The painstaking and meticulous work necessary during excavations seemed to Davis an empty waste of time. The mummy was severely damaged, so there is still no confidence about who exactly in this sarcophagus, nevertheless, nevertheless, his account had several discovered burials of representatives of the XVIII dynasty around the XIV century.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the valley of the kings resembled one large construction foundation pit: half -sleeped pits, entrances to the tombs found, from which all valuable, and endless ranks of local workers, carrying baskets with garbage and crushed stone were taken out. Carter began by compiling a detailed scheme of the Kings Valley, scrupulously designating the relief details on it and all previously found tombs.

And then he divided the plan into squares - and began to methodically comb each of them. The tomb of Tutankhamun was found in the last square, however, in order to start directly to the excavations, the Carter lacked two things: permission to carry out work exclusive right to conduct excavations in the Kings Valley for a long time bought Davis and a source of financing. It was possible to resolve the monetary issue, interested in the project of George Herbert, the 5th Count of Carnarwon, but legal obstacles were eliminated only before the very beginning of the First World War.

Feeling the rapid approach of death, Davis finally decided to resell them, uttering the phrase that became the famous in its mistake: "I'm afraid the valley of the kings is already completely exhausted." Lord Carnarwon bought out the rights, but Carter was able to start excavations only in the year when the war was already ending. This was his last trip, from which he no longer returned to England, Carter began work, pursuing a very specific goal.

He was convinced that it was in the valley that the grave of the then little -known pharaoh named Tutankhamun, who replaced the much more famous ruler of Akhenaten on the throne, who tried to force the Egyptian politicalism to worship a single deity, the solar disc. Considering that immediately after his death, the people joyfully returned to their former beliefs, this venture was unsuccessful.Carter’s belief was based on the fact that Tutankhamun was almost the only pharaoh of the XVIII dynasty, neither the tomb, nor the mummy of which were never found.

At the same time, some finds discovered by Davis mentioned his name. In particular, at the entrance to the burial under the code name KV55, where the mummy was found, which was supposed to belong to the heretic to Akhnaton, and also on the wall there was an imprint of the cartouche of Tutankhamun - an indication that the tomb was closed during his reign. Not a single object concerned the body of the late Pharaoh, never threw out, whether even scraps of canvas, but carefully gathered and buried next to the grave at that time no one could say with confidence in which kinship the ancient Egyptian pharaohs consisted of.

Carter decided that, having buried his relative, the young ruler could look at the place next to himself. The recently analysis of the DNA showed that Tutankhamun was the son of Akhenaten, but not from Queen Nefertiti, but from one of the concubines. Howard Carter did not have this information, but his conjecture about related ties turned out to be true. The work began in the year.

Carter methodically combed the square behind the square - but neither of, nor th, nor Y, nor years were brought success. It seemed that Davis was right and the valley of the kings had already given all its treasures. The author of the photo, Amir Makar Signature for the photo, special vessels, canopes in which the organs of the late pharaoh, Lord Carnarwon, called the Carter to himself and said that he could not endlessly finance barren excavations and that, unfortunately, he would have to put an end.

In response, the self-taught archaeologist began to beg the cartridge to finance another, the last expedition. According to him, he had only one square left, but he must finish his work so that he could say with confidence that the valley of the kings is really devastated. Carnarvon agreed. The resins used in the mummification were impregnated with the canvases that his mummy was wrapped, and they had to roll the record from the crankcase of November 26: “We feverishly cleaned the passage of the residues of the garbage on the floor, while we were left before us, except for the sealed doorway, we made a tiny hole in the upper left corner to see what is beyond its borders as soon as it is beyond its borders.

Eyes were used to the flickering of light, the interior of the room with unusual objects of amazingly beauty, piled up at each other, began to emerge. " The most amazing thing in this story is not even that Carter managed to find the tomb of Tutankhamun. And the fact that, having cleared the passage into the first room of the tomb, he did not rush the first thing to take out all the items there in order to quickly reach the funeral chamber, and carefully documented and described each of the discovered artifacts - and there were many of them.

The author of the photo, Kiran Ridley Signature for the photo, the layout of one of the tomb rooms for the exhibition dedicated to the centenary of the opening of more than that, there were so many objects in the room that this painstaking work took about three months. Despite the treasures found, which undoubtedly belonged to the young pharaoh, archaeologists were worried about one question: did they just find a warehouse of valuable things, or is it still a tomb itself?

Soon, however, these fears were scattered - or, in any case, significantly decreased: "A sealed doorway between two statues -stamps ... And numerous cartouches with the name of Tutankhamun almost excluded doubts that we were in the tomb of this pharaoh." So, after three months, the Egyptologists of all countries of the world still use the Carter Catalog with descriptions, which is careful and rather boring for an outside observer, finally, it was time to open the last sealed door of the tomb.

Then he very carefully knocked down the plaster and carefully pulled out small stones that lay at the top of the covered door. The temptation to stop and look into the opening opening was almost insurmountable. And when, after about 10 minutes of work, I managed to do a fairly large hole so that you could see at least something, I put an electric flashlight there, which highlighted something amazing.

In total, in the yard from the doorway, stretching the document, the entrance to the camera was burned with a wall of pure gold. "Author photo, Print Collector Signature to the photo, the third, Golden Sarcophagus Tutankhamun, in which his mummy was stored on February 16, Carter finally reached the tomb of the tomb itself, where the young pharaoh was rested in all its burial splendor, the name Which, if it were not for this day, it would be known only to a handful of Egyptologists.

The curse of the pharaoh?For Europeans brought up on the ancient culture of Rome and Greece, Egypt was strange and incomprehensible, especially the custom to carefully preserve the bodies of the dead. It is not surprising that public consciousness immediately began to endow the mummies of the mysterious - and, as a rule, extremely dangerous - by force the story about the discovery of the Tutankhamun tomb would be incomplete without mentioning the so -called "curse of the pharaoh." All over the world, the find has become a real sensation, which quickly began to grow in rumors - supposedly, any person who violated the deceased Pharaoh will suffer a terrible punishment.

The real cause of death was quite prosaic: together with his daughter, he traveled on the ship along the Nile, and one evening he was bitten by a mosquito. It would seem that nothing special - but, instead of lubricating the bite with iodine, the count first combed it, and then also accidentally cut the razor with a blade and, apparently, brought infection into the wound.

As a result, a few days later he died suddenly in Cairo - apparently from Sepsis. Decide for yourself whether the mosquito was sent by the late Pharaoh. On the way to the afterlife, it was necessary to overcome a huge number of obstacles, so the potential horrors could not be counted shortly after that the author of notes about Sherlock Holmes, by the way, a graduate doctor, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle told American journalists that the death of Carnarvon could be caused by a spontaneous spirit created by priests to protect the mummy.

In fact, no formidable warnings were found in the tomb, but the subsequent deaths of some members of the Carter team, as well as its visitors, did not give rest to the leather lovers of the supernatural. The author of the photo, Anadolu Agency signature to the photo, Tutankhamun’s mummy, exhibited in his own tomb by the centenary of the opening of the Carter.

There are many people who still believe that such a public demonstration of the remains is unethical among the alleged victims of the curse are mentioned: the Egyptian Prince Ali Kamel Fahmy-Bey, shot by his wife in the year; Sir Archibald Douglas Reed, who allegedly took the X -ray of the mummy and mysteriously died in the year; Sir Lee Stack, Governor-General Sudan, killed in Cairo in the year; Arthur Meys from a group of archaeologists working with a crankcase, who, as they say, died of a mouse in a year; Carter Secretary Richard Betell, who allegedly died, suffocating in his bed in the year; Betell's father, who committed suicide in the year.

Most people who worked in a tomb or visited it lived a long life - which, of course, did not affect the opinions of those who believed in the curse. He himself died in the year, at the age of 64, from Hodgkin's disease, which caused another surge in interest in the "curse of the pharaoh", the mention of which even appeared in his necrologists.

The causes of Hodgkin’s disease are still not known, although most often it affects the representatives of the Caucasian race. If we assume that the Egyptian priests attached a hand to the curse, it remains only to admire their gift of foresight. Is Nefertiti lying here? We still do not know where the stepmother of the young pharaoh, the legendary beauty Nefertiti was buried.

The famous British Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves believes that her mummy can lie in a secret room adjacent to the funeral chamber of a stepson. Each tomb of the pharaoh contains the name of his successor. Reeves discovered that under the crankcases of Pharaoh Eye, burying Tutankhamun, were depicted cartouches of Tutankhamun, who buried Nefertiti. If the mummy of even the most important “heretic” of Egypt, then there is a hope that the mummy of his wife was also found in an interview with the British newspaper Guardian Reeves that “Asset's attentive analysis of a more early name - Tutanhamun.

In its original version, this scene depicted a tutankhamun that performs a funeral ritual for the funeral ritual The original mistress of the tomb, his immediate predecessor ... Nefertiti. " Tutankhamun died suddenly, and there could simply be simply once to build a separate tomb. In this case, he could be buried in a ready -made tomb of Nefertiti - just adding one room to her and slightly adjusting the frescoes on the walls.

And although the radar analysis of the walls of the funeral chamber has not yet been confirmed by this theory, it is possible that the last secret of the Kings Valley will be disclosed in the near future.