Biography physicist Lomonosov

The future great scientist first saw the light in the family of the Black -Holy Peasant, so, unlike serfs, the state peasants of Vasily Dorofeevich Lomonosov were called. Vasily Dorofeevich, like the majority of the inhabitants of those places, could not feed too much northern summer at the expense of agriculture and was engaged in sea craft. To do this, he got a small sailing ship on which he went out into the white and Barents Sea, transported goods, hunted a sea beast and fish.

When Mikhail was ten years old, his father began to take him, like many other Pomeranian guys. The impressions of swimming, hunting for seals, new places and people were so strong that they left a mark for life. Most likely, it was at this time that the boy had an indestructible curiosity, which turned into a thirst for knowledge. Lomonosov early learned to read and write, and most importantly to think.

He eagerly reached for knowledge, which went to the “prey” of the “prey” at the end of his studies, but Lomonosov withstood everything and a little more than four years later moved to the seventh, penultimate, the class of the Academy, and when in the city of g. The St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was founded by Peter I and was opened after his death in the city, it was supposed to become not only the scientific center of the country, but also the center for the training of Russian scientific personnel.

To this end, a gymnasium and university were created at the Academy, which attracted the best students from other schools, including from the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. For the rapid growth of various industries, the country needed trained specialists. The need for them was especially acutely felt in the mining industry, so it was decided to send three Russian young men abroad to teach mining.

And six months after the arrival of Lomonosov in St. Petersburg, along with D. Vinogradov and G. Roser, he went to Germany. In the fall of G., having completed the course of study after three years, having mastered several languages ​​and modern natural sciences, Russian students then went to the city of Freiber to the well -known teacher I. Genkel to study mining. Lomonosov began to engage in very diligently, but quarrels with the aspirations of Genkel did not understand his aspirations led to a break, and in May G.

Lomonosov returned to Marburg. After several attempts and wandering in Germany, Lomonosov manages to return to Russia. By this time, the situation in the country, and the St. Petersburg Academy in particular, was restless.

Dissatisfaction with the dominance of foreigners was expressed. Therefore, at that time, the supervisor of the Academy, the adviser to the academic office of the Academic Chancellery, decided to bring the young Russian scientist closer to himself. A quarrel with Genkel and unauthorized care from it was forgotten. Lomonosov was entrusted with the compilation of the catalog of stones and fossils of the St.

Petersburg Kunstkamer - the first in Russia of the natural science museum. At the same time, he writes the scientific work of “Elements of Mathematical Chemistry” and creates a project of Cathopriciaptric incendiary tools - a kind of sunny furnace. Lomonosov is prescribed by the adjunct of the physical class of the Academy of Sciences and he receives the right to attend meetings of academics.

Especially fruitful for the scientific activity of Lomonosov in the field of physics and chemistry was G. It was then that he developed the first scientific program of research in physics and chemistry in our country, which later received the name “Notice on Physics and Coruscular Philosophy”. Corkuskla, according to the terminology of that time, a particle of a substance, close in its properties to what at the end of the XIX century.

In the same period, he wrote the dissertations “On insensitive particles”, “On the action of chemical solvents in general”, “On metallic brilliance”, “Reflections on the cause of warmth and cold”, etc. From the city of Lomonosov, he lectured to students of the academic university. These classes have shown that for successful training you need a good textbook. And Lomonosov translates from Latin into Russian the “experimental physics” of one of his Marburg teachers - X.

For a long time they studied physics in various educational institutions of the country. Around the same period, Mikhail Vasilievich began a systematic study of thunderstorms and atmospheric phenomena, proposed his theory of thermal phenomena, based on its atomic-molecular theory, and developed the theory of solutions. Then he seriously engaged in Russian history and literature, prepared a textbook of eloquence.

In the city of Lomonosov, he was elected professor of chemistry as an academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and began to actively seek the creation of a chemical laboratory. His efforts were successful. In the same year, his scientific works in physics and chemistry were released, where, among others, the “experience of the theory of elasticity of air” was published with the presentation of gases created by Lomonosov.

In the same year, he wrote a large letter to the outstanding mathematician L. Euler, in which he outlined his theory of universal gravity, to confirm which he attracted the law of preserving the number of movement, justified by the French scientist, R.Descartes and the law of preservation of the amount of matter, which was known to ancient atomists, uniting them for the first time in scientific practice in one formulation.

This wording was published only in Lomonosov begins intensive work in a chemical laboratory, where it conducts tests of ore samples sent from various places of Russia, creates new dyes, conducts experiments on the study of solutions and firing metals, and in the “educational kamor” for the first time in the world reads the course of “true physical chemistry”, in which, following R.

Boyle, he tries to give a physical chemical to the chemical explanation phenomena. Lomonosov built in the village of Ust-Rudnitsa, located near Oranienbaum, a modern city of Lomonosov, a color glass factory. At this factory, he organized the production of various glass products and began to manufacture special colored opaque glasses from which he created mosaic paintings.

In parallel with the construction of the Lomonosov factory, together with academician G. Richman, he was engaged in the study of the nature of electricity, observing thunderstorms. At the end of July, Richmann was killed at home with lightning when he was conducting, and all opponents of the Education began to demand their termination. Despite this, Lomonosov spoke in the public meeting of the Academy of Sciences and read the “Word about the phenomena of air, from the electric power of what is happening”, one of the first to note the identity of atmospheric and “artificial” electricity received from electrostatic machines.

Lomonosov considered the spread of education in the Russian people one of his main tasks. The scientist has long bothered the deplorable state of academic gymnasium and university. Moscow University. In the same year, Lomonosov handed over to the press “Russian grammar” - the first grammar textbook in Russia - and finished work on “Ancient Russian History”, and in the city of Lomonosov was appointed to head the Geographical Department of the Academy of Sciences.

He begins work on compiling a new Russian Atlas. In parallel, it conducts experiments at low temperatures together with academician Brown. For the first time, they managed to “freeze” mercury and prove that it is also metal, but with a low melting point. In June, many saw this phenomenon, but only one Lomonosov realized that the planet was surrounded by an atmosphere. Such a conclusion was made on the basis of the knowledge gained in the study of the scattering of light and its refraction in various environments.

In the summer, G. Lomonosov completed work on the textbook but mining - “the first foundations of metallurgy or ore affairs”, where he placed two “additions”, one of them - “On the Layers of Earthly” - became a brilliant outline of the geological science of the 18th century. At the end of G., Lomonosov was awarded the rank of state adviser. At this time, Lomonosov begins a new and last large enterprise.

He expresses the idea for a long time about the need to find the way along the Arctic Ocean to the east. According to Lomonosov, an expedition was equipped under the command of I. Chichagov, who, after the death of the scientist twice in the city of the city in May, was prepared to submit his candidacy to the Parisian Academy, but it was too late. Lomonosov died of a cold at his place on a sink.